Logical Reasoning is a subcategory

REASONING - LOGICAL IS A SUBCATEGORY I.Reasoning as the Umbrella Category Definition (APA Dictionary of Psychology): “Reasoning is the process of thinking in a logical way in order to form conclusions or judgments.” But it further states: “Types of reasoning include deductive, inductive, analogical, abductive, mathematical, and causal reasoning.” Notice: Deductive, inductive, and abductive are types of reasoning, not of logical reasoning. If they were subtypes of logical reasoning, APA would have written: Reasoning > Logical Reasoning > Deductive/Inductive/Abductive But it does not. They are all parallel branches under reasoning. Logical reasoning is one of many types, not the parent. Logical Reasoning ≠ All Structured Reasoning Logical reasoning is reasoning that follows formal logic, such as: If A = B, and B = C, then A = C. Syllogisms Truth tables Symbolic logic But!!! Analogical reasoning: doesn't follow formal logic, yet is still valid cognitive reasoning. Matrix reasoning: visual and pattern-based; not symbolic logic. Moral reasoning: involves intuition and value-based processes. Even abductive reasoning (best-guess based on limited data) often violates formal logic, and yet is still reasoning. Thus: Logical reasoning is a style or modality. Deductive/inductive/abductive are mechanisms of inferential processing, applicable inside or outside of logical reasoning. They don’t fall under logical reasoning. They intersect, not inherit. II. …